The Impact of Parenting Styles on Child Development: a Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The present review paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of diverse parenting styles on several dimensions of child development. Through an extensive analysis of empirical research, the article classifies parenting styles into four primary categories: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. It then examines the specific effects of these styles on the emotional, social, and cognitive development of children. Authoritative parenting, which is marked by a high level of parental responsiveness and demanding expectations, is regularly linked to favourable developmental results such as increased self-esteem, improved academic achievement, and greater social abilities. By contrast, authoritarian parenting, characterized by its focus on stringent regulations and minimal emotional assistance, frequently results in diminished self-esteem and increased levels of anxiety and violence. Permissive parenting, characterized by a high level of responsiveness but modest expectations, can lead to challenges in self-regulation and academic underperformance. Conversely, neglectful parenting, which is characterized by a low level of responsiveness and low expectations, is associated with various adverse consequences, such as behavioral issues and poor academic achievement. Furthermore, the paper examines the influence of psychological and environmental variables on the formation of these effects. The text provides practical suggestions for both parents and educators on how to use well-informed and balanced parenting strategies that promote ideal child development.